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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00211_Field_frep39b.txt
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1996-12-30
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The responses to diffuse
light--in this case, on to red,
off to blue or green, and no
response to white--make it
clear that such a cell must be
registering information about
color. But the responses to
appropriate white borders and
the lack of response to diffuse
light make it clear that the cell
is also concerned with black-
and-white shapes. We call these
center-surround color-
opponent cells "type 1".
The lateral geniculate body
of the monkey, we recall from
Chapter 4, consists of six
layers, the upper four heavily
populated with small cells and
the lower two sparsely
populated with large cells. We
find cells of the type just
described in the upper, or
parvocellular, layers. Type 1
cells differ one from the next
in the types of cone that feed
the center and surround
systems and in the nature of
the center, whether it is
excitatory or inhibitory. We can
designate the example in the
diagram on the facing page as
"r+g-". Of the possible subtypes
of cells that receive input from
these two cone types, we find
all four: r+g-, r-g+, g+r-, g-r+. A
second group of cells receives
input from the blue cone,
supplying the center, and from
a combination of red and green
cones (or perhaps just the green
cone), supplying the surround.
We call these "blue-yellow",
with "yellow" a shorthand way
of saying "red-plus-green".
We find two other types of
cells in the four dorsal layers.
Type 2 cells make up about 10
percent of the population and
have receptive fields consisting
of a center only. Throughout
this center, we find red-green
opponency in some cells, blue-
yellow in others. The centers of
these type 2 cells tend to be
large, several times larger than
the centers of type 1 cells. The
other 15 percent or so of cells
in the four upper geniculate
layers, and all the cells in the
two lower (magnocellular)
layers, are center-surround but
show no such color
preferences; it is as if their
field centers and surrounds
received the same relative
contributions from the three
cone types. We refer to these
cells as broad-band, and in the
upper layers we call them type 3
cells.
All these findings are
remarkably compatible with
Hering's model: we have two
classes of color-opponent cells,
one red-green, the other
yellow-blue, and a third
showing no color opponency at
all but a broad-band spatial
opponency instead. What
seemed not to fit any theory was
the spatial organization of the
opponent-color, or type 1 cells.
You might think, at first
glance, that this organization
would have something to do
with color contrast, with the
tendency for one color, say
blue, to look more vivid if
surrounded by another, say
green, or for a gray piece of
paper to look yellowish if
surrounded by blue. But a
moment's thought will
convince you that type 1 cells
can hardly be useful for that
kind of color contrast: the r+
center-g- surround cell just
described, far from being
strongly excited by a red spot
surrounded by green, gives
little or no response, because
one effect cancels the other--
the reverse of what would seem
to be required for color
contrast.